Despite the proliferation of such dialogues, we know very little about them. Montville describes track two diplomacy as an unofficial interaction between members of adversarial groups or nations to develop strategies, influence public opinion, and organize human and material resources in ways that might help resolve their. A century of international philanthropy publicaffairs, 2014, pp. Track 2 diplomacy powerpoint presentation diplomacy. They provided the space to talk informally about issues that the two governments were not ready or able to address. Regardless of the multiplicity of these levels of diplomacy, there are still a lot of other conflict resolution activities that have not been clearly defined. Pdf application of multi track diplomacy for peace. In the conflict resolution realm, track ii peacemaking or diplomacy has become. Ttps are thus a good example of a transnational transfer. The course explored whether and how the united states can more effectively engage civil society abroad to advance foreign policy goals, with a particular focus on how the. Important concepts of diplomacy track 1, track 2, track. In short, track two diplomacy is a highly accessible book, full of insights, and useful for academics, practitioners and officials alike.
Track two diplomacy in the middle east and south asia this monograph expands and updates previous work the author has conducted in the area of track two diplomacy, including rethink ing track two diplomacy. Background interviews have been held with various individuals involved in the track ii diplomacy to get clarity about the issue. Track two diplomacy in theory and practice peter jones. Us diplomat joseph montville coined the term track two diplomacy in 1981. Track ii diplomacy is by no means a substitute for track i, but rather a complimentary platform based on the idea that thought leaders, outside of official government meetings, can advance strategic national interests, and find common ground in ways that their governments cannot. Diplomacy, track one diplomacy, ideal diplomat, career diplomacy. In addition, track ii initiatives can be useful when there are blockages at. During the 1990s, diamond and mcdonald presented a multitrack diplomacy framework with nine tracks and lederach developed his transformative model, featuring a pyramid with three.
Pdf multilayer model of assessing track two diplomacy. Academics, on the one hand, dismiss track two as nonintellectual policy work, while officials, on the other hand, often deride track two as ineffective seminar circuits. The multi track concept is meant to convey the idea that all sectors of society are important and need to be involved, supported, listened to, and trained in a shared language of dialogue, conflict resolution, and peacebuilding in order to prevent or end violent conflict the institute for multi track diplomacy developed the following operating. Track two diplomacy in india pakistan conflict by susapien. Multitrack diplomacy european commission europa eu. It is also referred to as people to people diplomacy. Montville 1991 defines track two diplomacy as, unofficial, informal interaction between members of adversary groups or nations. Therefore, it can be states that while track one refers to all official, governmental diplomacy, track two describes all other activities that occur outside official government. Oct 11, 2010 in contrast, track i denotes diplomacy conducted by government officials.
He notes that track two diplomacy is in no way a substitute for official. These unofficial contacts can include dialogues and exchanges between influential nongovernmental actors from different countries, designed to build trust and increase communication. The purpose of the class was to learn about traditional forms of diplomacy as well as societycentered track two diplomacy. Dual diplomatic approach track one and track two diplomacy in conflict management is said to be the most effective approach to the management of internal conflicts. Diplomacy, according to berridge and james, is a concept describing the official. Just like diplomacy in general, peace mediation aims to address and resolve conflicts in a. Diplomacy by nick youngson track ii diplomacy with. Most important, track two diplomacy is intended to provide a bridge or complement official track one negotiations. Diplomacy can occur in a number of forms, or tracks, that engage various participants, from academics to policymakers. Mar 25, 2012 the broadest definition of track two diplomacy refers to interactions among individual or groups that take place outside an official negotiation process. Pdf track two diplomacy and regional security in the middle. The concept is an expansion of the original distinction made by joseph montville in 1982, between track one official, governmental action and track two unofficial, nongovernmental action. Starting with defining the concept, the study will elaborate on the.
The definition of tracktwo diplomacy by joseph montville is succinct and informative but does not allude to the highly complex nature of the subject. This sort of diplomacy is especially useful after events which can be interpreted in a number of different ways, both parties recognize. It is always openminded, often altruisticstrategically. Through an examination of regional security track two e. Forgiveness chapter 14 and implementation of track two. Iwe adopt this version of a track ii definition because of its emphasis on track ii diplomacy as activities which may be designed to influence either official policymaking or the socialization of public opinion. Forgiveness chapter 14 and implementation of track. Jun 20, 2011 governments once viewed track ii as a kind of feelgood exercise at best, and at worst as a genuine threat freelance diplomacy, after all, can damage the real kind. Which of these four tools do you think provides the. Evaluating the contributions of tracktwo diplomacy to. Joseph montville, who coined the term track two in.
Pdf track two diplomacy from a track one perspective. Track ii diplomacy and its impact on pakistan india peace. Track two diplomacy a distinct conflict intervention category executive summary. The term track two was coined by joseph montville, who distinguished traditional diplomatic activities track one diplomacy from unofficial, informal interaction between members of adversarial groups or nations with the goals of developing strategies, influencing public opinions and organizing human and material resources in ways that might help resolve the conflict. If you asked someone to define diplomacy, chances are they would describe two governments meeting, shaking hands, sitting at a table, and negotiating an official agreement. Multi track diplomacy the term multi track diplomacy is based on the original distinction made by joseph montville in 1981 between official, governmental actions to resolve conflicts track one and unofficial efforts by nongovernmental professionals to resolve conflicts within and between states track two.
Accordingly, diplomacy can be briefly defined as the art of conducting various relations between actors of global politics. Multi track diplomacy is a concept developed and put into practice by louise diamond and myself, cofounders of the institute for multi track diplomacy. The relationship between track one and track t two diplomacy. Track two diplomacy in the middle east and south asia rand. Iran track ii exchanges expanded under president mohammad khatami between 1997 and 2005, particularly during his second term. Pdf application of multi track diplomacy for peace building. In this paper, adam nester explores the nature of the international criminal court and the role of multi track diplomacy within the system. Such diplomacy could also be applied to other issues and regions during the lengthy process of building peace among adversaries. Over the past decade former, and sometimes current, adversaries in the middle east increasingly have been engaged in unofficial multilateral regional security dialogues, a form of track two diplomacy. The book is one of its kind in its ability to bridge disciplinary barriers and differing views about the utility of political theory, and its willingness to challenge conventional methods of social science research. In this approach, the methodologies and concerns of track one and track two conflict management would cooperate in the management of the same conflict. Track ii diplomacy in the middle east princeton school of public.
This work provides a descriptive discussion for one of the new conflict resolution approaches, track two diplomacy. Track two diplomacy api 6339a page 1 of 11 track two diplomacy. Most important, track two diplomacy is intended to provide a bridge or complement official track one negotiations nan, 2004. By preparing the parties to address issues not included in formal talks, track ii dialogues reduce the risk of future flashpoints. Track two diplomacy was used to describe an alternative to official track one interactions between official representatives. Rethinking track two diplomacy peace palace library. Assessing track 2 diplomacy in the asiapacific region.
General overviews of the field jones, peter, track two diplomacy. Pdf this work provides a descriptive discussion for one of the new conflict resolution. Tracktwo talks pre pared each side for trackone negotiations by clarifying conflict goals and postconflict policies. Track two diplomacy programs hereafter ttps are not specific to any particular. The essays collected here describe a variety of new additions to the arsenal of statecraft and diplomacy.
The following section examines a series of limitations, which significantly impede the ability of track two dialogues to influence regional security thinking and policy in new directions. Pdf track two diplomacy and regional security in the. Sep 04, 2018 track ii diplomacy is by no means a substitute for track i, but rather a complimentary platform based on the idea that thought leaders, outside of official government meetings, can advance strategic national interests, and find common ground in ways that their governments cannot. But that more traditional view of diplomacy is only one iteration, often called track 1 diplomacy. Track ii diplomacy, on the other hand, involves almost entirely unofficial contacts. Why track ii diplomacy is so important the aspen institute. But such assumptions about the power of track two diplomacy. Introduction despite the widespread image of diplomacy as a subfield of international relations on which many works have been written, and with very little left to survey, contemporary. However, track two diplomacy is not a substitute replacement for track one diplomacy.
Gp capt ms deshpande retd track ii diplomacy track ii diplomacy is a specific kind of informal diplomacy, in which nonofficials academic scholars, retired civil and military officials, public figures, and social activists engage in dialogue, with the aim of conflict resolution, or confidencebuilding. Track two diplomacy consists of informal dialogues among actors such as academics, religious leaders, retired senior officials, and ngo officials that can bring. Track ii diplomacy or backchannel diplomacy is the practice of nongovernmental, informal and unofficial contacts and activities between private citizens or groups of individuals, sometimes called nonstate actors. Rather, it is there to assist official actors to manage and resolv. The nature of track three diplomacy and its influence on. Such meetings would not qualify as track two, according to one of the criteria. This paper presents track three diplomacy which has been overlooked by most leaders in the world. The study discusses both strengths and weaknesses of the approach in detail. By comparison, track two is unofficial, informal, and introspective in its examination of a conflict or other issue. Spring 2009 socalled track two diplomacy, long an informal staple in international negotiations and used by leaders who wanted to take informal soundings of adversaries intentions, is increasingly the diplomacy. Track ii diplomacy and its impact on pakistan india peace process. The multi track concept is meant to convey the idea that all sectors of society are important and need to be involved, supported, listened to, and trained in a shared language of dialogue, conflict resolution, and peacebuilding in order to prevent or end violent conflict. Invention of multitrack diplomacy the multitrack system originated due to the inefficiency of pure government mediation.
Track two diplomacy, ontheground action, and initiatives to build a common sense of humanity. Track ii diplomacy is a specific kind of informal diplomacy, in which nonofficials academic scholars, retired civil and military officials, public figures, and social activists engage in dialogue, with the aim of conflict resolution, or confidencebuilding. Track two diplomacy and the transfer of peacebuilding capacity. Montville coined the phrase track two diplomacy volkan, 1991. Track two diplomacy is the unofficial interaction and intervention of nonstate actors. Alternative diplomacy international scientific journals of. Pdf on dec 18, 2020, catalin vrabie and others published multilayer model of assessing track two diplomacy find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. The most common forms of diplomacy in conflict resolution are track one, track two and multi track diplomacy. They are written by a mix of scholars, practitioners and witnesses to the peace process. Track one diplomacy is official government diplomacy whereby communication and interaction is between governments. In the fall of 2005, moreover, the carnegie corporation of new york, one of the largest american grant makers in the field of international peace and security, devoted the cover story of its.
Joseph montville, who coined the term track two in 1982, defined track two diplomacy as. Th e second part presents the research findings with regard to the perception of turkish diplomats towards track two efforts in four categories. Jun 01, 2019 track two diplomacy has developed based on the observation that it is easier to find mutual common ground in unofficial private interactions, which official negotiators cannot find. This paper serves as a practical guide to aspiring thirdparty facilitators of ethnic or sectarian conflict through track two diplomacy, i. This type of diplomacy features a series of candid, offtherecord exchanges between officials, former officials and policy specialists aimed at resolving problems that. On the other hand, track 2 diplomacy brings together unofficial representatives on both sides, with no government participation. Every writer falls into at least two of these categories and some fit all three descriptions.
The subject of this dr598 project is track two diplomacy as a distinct conflict intervention category, which aims at the prevention of interstate or increasingly intrastate conflict escalation and encourages a form of mediation in pursuit of conflict resolution. The middle east and south asia kaye, 2005 and track two diplomacy and regional security in the middle east. However, many were consultations or briefings between the ancs leadership in exile and leaders of ancaligned organizations within the country. Institute of multi track diplomacy s model of multi track diplomacy defines track two as peacemaking by conflict resolution professionals and ngos, with a number of other tracks from track three peacemaking through commerce or business through to track nine peacemaking through the media and information having a role. Track two diplomacy in theory and practice by peter jones. Despite problems and limitations, track two diplomacy has proved an important mechanism in building regional understanding and knowledge in the arms control and regional security realm.
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